Favourable Conditions for Intercomprehension
By Erik Hemming, Åland University of Applied Sciences
Introduction
Intercomprehension is always possible between human beings, since we share so many natural and cultural characteristics. We always try to make sense of other people’s behaviour, including what is intended with what they say, no matter which language it is. But of course the grade of difference in language and culture between the counterparts determines how much can be understood. Every effort is worthwhile however, since learning and relation building takes place every time. 
In the following a number of factors are listed that determine what and how much that can be understood. It is suggested what can be done to improve communication. 
Context
It is necessary to keep the context limited, so guessing gets easy. Start by choosing topics that are very easily grasped: Family, everyday routines, hours, directions, etc. and stick to one topic at a time. Be patient, the greatness lies not in the sophistication at this stage.
Background information
Bear in mind, how special your own culture is. Clarify factors that you know might be unknown or forgotten by your interlocutor.
Linguistic similarity
If the languages used are cognate, many more topics are possible to cover and the topics can be changed much easier. However, distant languages can be understood if the context is clear and the cultures are not so distant. Hence, Hungarian, Turkish, and Finnish could be understood, if the context is obvious, by Austrian, Greek, and Swedish speakers under favourable conditions.
Mother tongue
One’s native language is a truer expression of a person’s self that learned languages learned later in life. Hence, it can be more effective to stick to one’s own language than to switch to a lingua franca, since one’s non-verbal communication gets more in line with one’s real intentions than a lingua franca, unless it is very much used.
Level of interest
The amount of interest that you display will improve the motivation in the person you talk to, to express herself with more vigour. If you show interest in what s/he says, that will be seen as a sign of respect for her/his culture and true identity. This is true in all communication, but much more so if the person is listened to in her/his own language. 
willingness to learn
If you repeat some or all words that the other party says, you will achieve two good things: You make sure that you heard what s/he said, and you will learn words better. Some words are very valuable and very frequent. Do you want to learn languages hitherto unknown to you? Do you believe your brain can do it? Do you realise that the learning takes place in tiny steps often repeated? Do you believe that the social context is important for the learning outcomes?
Simplicity
Use short simple phrases, perhaps even single words in the beginning. Speak very clearly. Repeat words and phrases, but don’t shout. Use stress and intonation to underline the meaning of words, a bit like when talking to a baby. 
Body language
Accept uncertainty, but smile to relieve tension in your counterpart. Keep eye contact, but not too intense. Relax. Know that what you are trying to do is an act of pioneering. Mirror
Visual and concrete references
It is extremely favourable for communication to have pictures and/or concrete things to use as clarification. It very much limits the scope in the guessing process. Use charades to link words to meaning. Point at your mouth and say “eat” or “hungry”. 
listening between the lines
Your eyes are more important than your ears when it comes to listening to another person. Every time it seems that you have understood it gives a boost of energy to the communication. 
feedback
Give feedback both when you understand and when you don’t. Timing is important to keep the energy level up. Use intelligent noise, like aha and mmm, or express yourself in your own language. Ask for repetition and show that you don’t understand if that is the case. Say ”I’m sorry” or its equivalent. 
Realia
The more one knows about life and institutions of the counterpart’s culture, the better one will be able to guess. 
Using the language of the other
By saying phrases and words in your counterpart’s language, you pay respect and show positive interest in her/his culture. Your acts of generosity will be reciprocated. You will see that in the body language, sooner or later. If you make a fool of yourself, by saying something stupid, it will be excused. 
small talk
Use the intercomprehension for building trust and relationships. This is done with small talk. Use the lingua franca if you want to say something unpleasant or very important.
Use synonyms
Repeat what you say if it is not understood, but also search for synonyms. It is quite common that languages happen to use similar words, cognate or loan words, even though it is not what one expects.